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Generative Art: The Story, It's Uses, and Future
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents
  • Introduction
  • What is Generative Art?
  • Part 1: History
    • 1890s
    • 1900s
    • 1910s
    • 1920s
    • 1930s
    • 1940s
    • 1950s
      • Herbert Franke
      • Ben Laposki
    • 1960s
      • Eduardo Paolozzi
      • Frederick Hammersley
      • Hiroshi Kawano
      • Bela Julesz
      • Charles Csuri
      • Frieder Nake
      • Manfred Mohr
      • Michael Noll
      • Vera Molnar
      • Nam June Jaik
    • 1970s
      • Jacques Palumbo
      • Roger Vilder
      • Larry Elin
      • Vicky Chaet
      • Kurt Lauckner
      • Ruth Leavitt
      • Karen E Huff
      • Joseph Scala
      • Ken Knowlton
      • Ed Manning
      • William J Kolomyjec
      • Patsy Scala
      • Manuel Barbadillo
      • Laurence Press
      • Edward Ihnatowicz
      • Peter Struycken
      • Tony Longson
      • Leslie Mezei
      • Colette & Charles Bangert
      • Aaron Marcus
      • The Algorists
      • Georg Nees
      • Harold Cohen
      • Edward Zajec
      • Aldo Giorgini
      • Miljenenko Horvat
      • John Whitney
      • Christopher William Tyler
      • Lillian Schwartz
      • Hiroshi Kawano
      • Duane Palyka
    • 1980s
      • Jean-Piere Hébert
      • Roman Verostko
      • Mark Wilson
      • Desmond Paul Henry
    • 1990s
      • John Maeda
      • Perry Hoberman
      • Rafael Lozano-Hemmer
      • Casey Reas
      • Golan Levin
      • Camille Utterback
    • 2000s
      • Ryoji Ikeda
      • Cory Arcangel
      • Olia Lialina
      • Aaron Koblin
      • Zach Liebermann
    • 2010s
      • N.E.R.V.O.U.S. Systems
      • Refik Anadol
      • Memo Akten
      • Sougwen Chung
      • Quayola
      • Jared Tarbell
      • Matt Delaurier
      • Dimitri Cherniak
      • Tyler Hobbs
    • 2020s
  • Part 2: Techniques
    • Recursion
      • Fractals
    • Collatz Conjecture
    • Cellular Automata (CA)
    • Cymatics
      • Chladni Plate
    • Delaunay Triangulation / Voronoi Diagrams
    • Fibonacci Sequence
    • Fourier Series
    • Geodesic Dome
    • Golden Angle
    • Golden Ratio
    • Implicit Surface
    • Inverse / Forward Kinematics
    • Laplace Transform
    • Lissajous Curves
    • Medial Axis
    • Minimal Surface
    • Packing Problems
    • Platonic Solids
    • Saffman-Taylor Instability
    • Spherical Harmonics
    • Strange Attractors
      • Rössler Attractor
      • Multiscroll Attractor
      • Lorenz Attractor
      • Hénon Attractor
      • Duffing Attractor
      • Clifford Attractor
    • Superellipse
    • Superformula
    • Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)
    • Schlieren Imaging
    • Agent-based Modelling
      • Boids
    • Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
    • Collision Detection
    • Dithering
    • Flow Field
    • Lloyd's relaxation
    • Ray Tracing
    • Data Structures
      • Spacial Index
    • Signed Distance Functions (SDFs)
    • Wave Function Collapse
    • Natural Processes
      • Growth Algorithms
        • Space Colonization
        • Reaction Diffusion
        • Premordial Particle System
        • Diffusion-limited Aggregation (DLA)
        • Physarum
        • Eden Growth Model
        • Differential Growth
      • Fluid Simulation
      • Hele-Shaw Cell
      • Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) Reaction
      • Phyllotaxis
    • Randomness
    • Noise
      • Worley Noise
      • Wavelet Noise
      • Value Noise
      • Sinulation Noise
      • Simplex Noise
      • Perlin Noise
      • Gradient Noise
    • Shaders
    • Polygon Clipping
    • Physics Engines
    • Particle Systems
    • Marching Squares
    • Marching Cubes
    • Metaballs
  • Part 3: Tools
    • Hardware
      • Plotters
    • Software
      • 2D/3D/AR/VR
      • Live Coding
      • Sound
      • 3D
      • Data Visualization
      • 2D/3D
      • Machine Learning
      • Shaders
  • Part 4: The Future
    • Eco-Materialism
    • Emergence
    • Augmented Reality
    • Virtual Reality
    • Digital Archival
  • References
  • Index
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  1. Part 1: History

2010s

The art world in the 2010s witnessed a myriad of cultural trends and artistic movements that reflected the complex and rapidly changing global landscape. One significant trend was the increasing emphasis on diversity, representation, and inclusivity. Artists and institutions focused on giving voice to marginalized communities and underrepresented narratives, challenging established power structures and broadening the scope of artistic discourse. Socially engaged art continued to gain traction, with artists like Ai Weiwei, Kara Walker, and Tania Bruguera using their work to address pressing social, political, and environmental issues. Another notable trend was the intersection of art and technology, with a surge in new media, digital art, and immersive experiences. Artists embraced virtual reality, augmented reality, and interactive installations to create immersive and participatory encounters, blurring the boundaries between the physical and digital realms. Additionally, the 2010s witnessed a renewed interest in craft and traditional techniques, as artists sought to reclaim and reinterpret artisanal practices in a contemporary context. The art world also grappled with questions of commodification, globalization, and the impact of the digital age on artistic production and dissemination. The decade was marked by a wide range of artistic expressions, reflecting the diverse perspectives and complexities of our modern world.

The 2010s, often simply referred to as the "teens," was a decade marked by technological innovation, global challenges, cultural shifts, and an evolving geopolitical landscape.

Technologically, the rise of smartphones and tablets, primarily driven by Apple's iPhone and Android devices, became ubiquitous. These devices changed not only how people communicated but also how they shopped, consumed media, and experienced the world. The decade also saw the significant growth of cloud computing, the widespread adoption of artificial intelligence in various industries, and the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT).

Social media platforms, such as Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok, became central to communication, especially for younger generations. These platforms amplified trends, fostered new modes of self-expression, and even influenced politics and activism. The 2010s also witnessed the emergence of streaming services like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Spotify, which revolutionized entertainment consumption, largely overshadowing traditional TV and challenging the music industry's status quo.

Culturally, issues of representation and identity took center stage. Movements like #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter gained global traction, highlighting systemic issues related to sexual harassment and racial injustice. The global LGBTQ+ community saw significant strides in rights and acceptance, with many countries legalizing same-sex marriage.

Geopolitically, the decade was marked by the Syrian civil war and the resultant refugee crisis, rising tensions between the U.S. and North Korea, and growing concerns about climate change, leading to international agreements such as the Paris Agreement. The UK's decision to leave the European Union in a referendum, commonly known as Brexit, signaled significant shifts in the global order.

Populist movements and a skepticism of traditional institutions led to unexpected political outcomes in various countries. In the U.S., Donald Trump's election as the 45th president in 2016 reflected a broader global trend of populist, often nationalist, movements challenging the established order.

Economically, after recovering from the late-2000s financial crisis, the world saw significant growth, especially in technology sectors. However, this growth often led to increased wealth disparities, leading to debates about economic equality and the role of tech giants in society.

The 2010s also witnessed challenges such as the rise of misinformation and "fake news" online, debates over privacy and data security, and concerns about mental health in the age of social media.

As the decade closed, there were early signals of the looming COVID-19 pandemic, which would go on to define the early 2020s. In retrospect, the 2010s was a decade of profound change, setting the stage for a new era characterized by both its immense potential and its complex challenges.

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